Chronobiologie und Ernährung

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund Die Bedeutung der Zusammenhänge zwischen Chronobiologie und Ernährung ist zunehmend Gegenstand der Forschung. Dabei geht es um die Frage, inwieweit es nicht nur relevant ist, was wir essen, sondern auch wann wir was essen und inwieweit wir gegen unsere innere Uhr essen.

Methodik In dieser Übersichtsarbeit wird der aktuelle Kenntnisstand zur Relevanz verschiedener Aspekte zirkadianer Ernährungsmuster (Zeitpunkt und Häufigkeit der Nahrungsaufnahme, das Auslassen des Frühstücks, die Beschränkung des Verzehrs auf bestimmte Tageszeiten) sowie der Zusammenhang mit dem individuellen Chronotyp für die Entstehung ernährungsmitbedingter Krankheiten aus ernährungsepidemiologischer Sicht dargestellt.

Ergebnisse Nach dem derzeitigen Kenntnisstand könnte es für die langfristige Gesundheit von Vorteil sein, wenn eine hohe Energiezufuhr und der Verzehr großer Mengen an Kohlenhydraten mit hohem glykämischen Index am Abend vermieden werden. Die derzeitige Evidenz aus Beobachtungs- und Interventionsstudien zum Zusammenhang zwischen Frühstück und Körpergewichtsmanagement ist widersprüchlich. Eine Aussage für eine empfohlene Anzahl von Verzehrsgelegenheiten kann zum derzeitigen Stand nicht getroffen werden. Bislang fehlen ausreichend qualitativ hochwertige Humanstudien, die eine Reduktion des Zeitfensters für die Nahrungsaufnahme als vorteilhaft für eine Gewichtsreduktion nachweisen. Grundsätzlich erscheint es erstrebenswert, die individuelle Ernährungsweise an den eigenen Chronotyp im Sinne einer personalisierten Ernährung anzupassen.

Schlussfolgerungen Weitere Forschung, basierend auf prospektiven Langzeitstudien sowie kontrollierten randomisierten Interventionsstudien sind notwendig, um die Rolle der zirkadianen Ernährungsmuster in der Prävention von ernährungsmitbedingten Krankheiten zu klären. Insbesondere sollte der individuelle Chronotyp bei der Konzeption von zukünftigen Studien in diesem Feld und der Interpretation von Ergebnissen mit berücksichtigt werden.

Abstract

Background Studying the association between chronobiology and nutrition is of increasing interest. The important question is not only what we eat but also when we eat and in how far we do eat in accordance with our biological clock.

Methods We summarized current evidence from a nutritional epidemiological perspective about the relevance of different circadian dietary patterns (time and frequency of dietary intake, breakfast skipping and time restricted feeding) and the association between individual chronotype and the development of body weight and nutrition related chronic diseases.

Results From this narrative review it appears that avoiding high energy and carbohydrate intakes, especially carbohydrates with high Glycamic index, in the evening may support the maintenance of long-term health. The current evidence from observational and intervention studies on the relationship between breakfast and body weight management is contradictory. Adherence to a circadian eating rhythm aligned with the individual chronotype seems to be beneficial for body weight management and therefore the prevention of other chronic diseases. There is insufficient knowledge regarding the amount of eating occasions one should adhere to and the right amount of time between the first and the last meal in order to influence weight reduction.

Conclusion The field of chronobiology and nutrition is emerging and holds path breaking results. However, further research especially prospective cohort studies providing repeated measurements and randomized controlled trials are necessary to interpret the impact of circadian dietary patterns on the prevention of diet related chronic diseases. The conception and interpretation of future studies regarding chronobiology and diet should account for the individual chronotype.

Schlüsselwörter

Chronotyp - Mahlzeitenhäufigkeit - Frühstück - Time-Restricted-Feeding - Tageszeit des Verzehrs

Keywords

chronotype - meal frequency - breakfast - time-restricted-feeding - meal timing

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